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STATISTICAL and GEOGRAPHICAL 

DESCRIPTION 



OF THE 



PROVINCE OF SANTA-FE 



SOUTH AMERICA 



BY 



@41RIlEi CARBASCO 

L. L. D. 



TRANSLATED FROM THE SPANISH 



BY 



P. O'C. 



OPINIONS OF THE PRESS 

ON THE 

STATISTICS OF THE PROVINCE 

OF 



Santa-Fe, one of the fourteen Provinces which 
forms the Argentine Republic, and, without any doubt, 
the best for forming colonies that are sure to give 
good agricultural results in well regulated immigra- 
tion and in the progress and growth (social and econo- 
mical) of a new country like tins. It has sufficient 
extent to hold, nourish and maintain millions of inha- 
bitants, where there are only thousands at present; 
such is the Province of Santa-Fe. 

Some time past we have noticed a remarkable 
increase in the exportation of Produce from Santa-Fe, 
especially in wheat, maize, linseed, potatoes, &c, &c. 
It is easy to see the rapid advance that this Province 
has made within the last few years, and that it has 
received a powerful impulse by the establishment of 
its numerous colonies, fostered by its foreign immigra- 
tion, the result of which is daily visible in the increase 
of population and labour, the logical consequence being 
progress and riches. 

Santa-Fe, in the year 1856, had scarcely forty 
thousand inhabitants, of which four thousand were 
foreigners. The first colony was founded in this year 
by Mr. Aaron Castellanos, which was called after the 
famous African cape, the Colony of Good Hope, (Go- 
lonia Esperanza) situated eight leagues from the 
capital. 



In 1858 two more new colonies were formed, 
bearing the names of San Carlos and San Gerdnimo, 
six years past, without any further progress in agricul- 
ture, except by private individuals. In 1864 the port 
was open for commerce and progress. In the years 
1865 and 1866 two more new colonies were formed ; 
three more in the year 1867 ; four in 1868, and four 
more in the year 1869 ; and the folio wine: year, that 
is 1870, there were eight more added to the list, and 
so on progressing each year, until the year 1880, 
when the number of colonies established and in a 
prosperous state, giving very lucrative results, were 
52, with a population of 40,789 inhabitants, according 
to the account of the Inspector of Colonies. 

These colonics have completely changed the ap- 
pearance of the country at large : instead of the once 
scantily populated, uncultivated country, you now see a 
very large, busy population, with happiness depicted 
on their countenances, surrounded by ripe corn fields, 
green pastures, lowing herds, &c, &c. 

The population, in the year 1858, when the first 
census was taken, was 41,621 ; in 1869 it reached 
89,117; in the year 1875 there were 135.000; and in 
this present year, 1882, making a prudent calculation, 
it cannot be less than 200,000 ; of which 20 per cent, 
are foreigners. 

In the year 1856 the Government tax on patents, 
was 22,000 $; in the year 1880 it amounted t 
120,000 s. 

The Government tax on property In the year 
1856, gave 16,000$, and in the year 1880 it amounted 
to 100,000$. The tax on stamped paper in 1856 
gave only 4,000 s. and in the year 1880 it amounted 
to 110,000$. 

In September L869, there were only two cities 



o 



and four towns, namely, the city of Santa-Fe and the 
City of Rosario; to-day there are twenty seven in all. 

The Post-Office department shews a great increase 
in comparison to former years : 572,325 letters, &c. 
having passed in the year 1880, which is four times 
the number of Cordoba, and much more than all the 
rest of the provinces, excepting Buenos Ayres. 

Telegraphic Department 

The rent produced by this office in the year 187G 
was 9,694$, and in the year 1880 it amounted to 
23,984 $, which shews clearly the wonderful progress 
made. 

The National Guard in 1860 numbered 8,000 
citizens, and now it numbers 15,000. 

Custom-house 

The rent produced hy the Custom-house is very 
important; in 1856 it gave 869,368$ for exports and 
imports; in 1867 it increased to 1.244,450$. This 
amount, with little variation, was maintained during 
the following vears. until 1880, when it amounted 
to 2.209,998$. 

Public Instruction 

The branch of public instruction is not backward 
in its progress. The number of schools in 1877 were 
136 with 6,000 pupils ; in the year 1880 there were 
8,000 pupils. In the City of Rosario alone there were 
eighteen colleges with 1,755 pupils, besides the Na- 
tional College and Normal School. 

Maritime Movement 

Sailing vessels and steamers that arrived and 
sailed, from the ports of the Province : — In 1864 



— 6 — 

there were 3,431 vessels with 151,290 tons. In 1877 
the number increased to 7,903 vessels with 519,537 
tons; and in 1879 there were 8,304 vessels with 
738,720 tons. 

Statistics, no doubt, are very instructive, but, 
nevertheless, very tiresome and frequently too much 
so for the patience of some persons, for which 
reason we will endeavour to shorten the subject, 
stopping only to notice important points. We will 
take, therefore, a long stride, and not run the risk of 
wearing out the subject, or trifle with our readers' 
time, by passing unnoticed the Press with all its daily 
and weekly publications. The long list of births, 
deaths and marriages, public offices and societies of 
different classes, &c. 

Industries 

A Porter and Ale brewery in the City of Rosario ; 
another of the same class in the colony of Good Hope. 
In the City of Santa-Fe, an oil Refinery. In the colony 
of Good Hope, an Alcohol Distillery ; a Chocolate ma- 
nufacture in Rosario, and a Foundry for casting machi- 
nery, besides Brick and Lime kilns, a Gas company 
and an Ice company. 

Railway 

The movement and transport of produce by the 
Central Argentine Railway, in 1880 was 113,317 
tons and 71,161 passengers, which left a clear net 
profit of 636,186 $. 

The al luring future that presents itself to this 
Province is indelibly marked and stamped with its seal 
of prosperity. If the rest of the provinces follow the 
example shewn to them by Santa-Fe, in a veryshort 
time the Argentine Republic will become, like the 
United States, a Mother to the children of all other 



— 7 — 

countries of Europe, and, by this means, give the 
necessaries of life to the poor immigrant who cannot 
procure it at home. 

La Prensa of Buenos Aires, N°. 3341, April 15, 1881. 

A finial proof of the progress of this province 
is already solved, when we look back to past pages of 
our own varied life, and recall with vivid clearness of 
intellect what it then was, and what it now is, in the 
scale of progress. What was it then ? A rich, fertile 
soil without population : those that inhabited it, knew 
not how to cultivate it, or if they did, they did it in a 
rude manner, according to their understanding, with 
the simple and rural materials that nature placed at 
their disposal. Look at it to-day and what do you 
see ? The reverse of what it then was : the unculti- 
vated land has returned to the labourer an abundant 
crop of wheat and beans for his bread ; maize for his 
horses and swine, clover and different classes of grass 
for his cows and sheep, vegetables of every description 
for his table, fruit (the most luscious and varied in 
class) that cannot be found at any cost in some parts 
of Europe, besides the long-sought-for treasures of 
health and wealth. 

Each day in our lives, our natures and intellect 
are constantly seeking for mastery over obstacles and 
brute force ; and in proportion as intellect predomi- 
nates, the people become free, enlightened, and better 
prepared to defend themselves, their rights and privi- 
leges from any opposition, force or power that may 
attempt to check their progress. 

Thus Santa-Fe, like the rest of the provinces, has 
succeeded in conquering difficulties opj)osed to its pro- 
gress by some of its Governors ; but immigration by 
its rapid strides ; steam, by its power, and the Tele- 
graph by its velocity, have completely altered this 
obstacle to progress. 



8 



Statistics is a necessary science for the proper 
governing of societies, and is well defined to be the 
science of social acts, expressed by numbers. The 
book contains much interesting and instructive matter, 
as follows : — The population, Post-office, Custom- 
house, Telegraph, Railways, Tramways, Gas-works, 
Exportation, Importation, Immigration, Agricultural 
Colonies, Public Instruction, Maritime movement, 
the different associations, Hospitals, National Guard, 
Fabrics, Press, &c, &c. 

Buenos Ayres Nation, N" . 3196. 

How many tyrants have trembled before the 
Mane, Thecel, Phares, of the revelations made by 
statistics. It was necessaiy that oceans of blood should 
have been spilled to open a passage to civilization and 
progress ; that statistics may raise itself to a govern- 
ment science, to become the inexorable sword of the 
law.' always ready to fall on the head of the culprit or 
criminal. 

Statistics may be defined as the herald of progress; 
it is not alone that it gives evidence of the progress of 
a country, but it publishes the cause of that progress 
in each department; lastly, it is the motive power of 
progress, and progress is the life, blood and heat that 
animate all. 

La Prensa of Santa-Fe, N°. 435. 

We have scarcely been blessed with a few months 
of peace, when its benefits are felt and seen in every 
gra< le < >f society. The fountains of credit — that power- 
ful leverof progress of nations, opens with prodigality, 
and foreign capital is poured into Hie country and given 
in exchange for the produce of the soil, thereby bene- 
lining both the giver and receiver; the agriculturist 
and cattle owner, ao1 content with this, seeks a more 
extensive outlets for his capital, and easily finds it ir 



— 9 — 

the purchase of Land and stock, or in the importation 
of railway material, &c, &c. 

La Befor/na of Salta, N°. 598. 

Santa-Fe is, without doubt, one of the richest and 
most important Provinces of the Republic. With its 
117,259 kilometres of land, watered by large ri- 
vers, such as the Salado and Carcarana, with their 
numerous branches, blessed with a temperate climate, 
its thousands of herds of cattle, and its prosperous co- 
lonies, which makes it the granary of the republic. 

La Bevista of Buenos Ayres, page 478. 



CHAPTER I. 
GENERAL ASPECT 



Santa-Fe, one of the fourteen provinces of the 
Argentine Republic, is situated in latitude 32°.55', 
longitude 60°.30'.50\ on the right bank of that majes- 
tic river the Parana, by which means it is in daily 
communication with the capital — Buenos Ayres ; the 
river being navigable as far as the City of Rosario for 
ships of 2.000 tons burthen. The interior of the 
country is perfectly level, and in all the province there 
cannot be found one mountain, the nearest approxima- 
tion to such are a few hills in the suburbs of Rosario, 
and for proof of which we refer to the Central Argentine 
Railway Co., who made seventy leagues of their line 
without having occasion to cut or raise, except a few 
inches. The Province is eminently situated for pas- 
turage and agriculture, owing to its being a level plain; 
when rain falls, it penetrates deeply into the soil, and 
consequently retains its moisture and fertility, thereby 
producing abundance of pasture for the numerous herds 
of cattle and flocks of sheep, besides the great benefit 
to the colonies of the province. All this shews 
that it is largely gifted by nature and only requires the 
work of the European immigrant or capitalist. 



CHAPTER II. 
RIVERS 



The Parana, one of the grandest rivers of the 
world, crosses the province to the extent of 436 
kilometres. Its breadth is never less than five kilo- 
metres. When extraordinary inundations occur, it 
rises eight metres above its ordinary level ; it then 
divides into different branches, forming in appearance 
a sea, with an infinite number of islands, whose limits 
are Inst in the horizon ; its depth is such that at all 
times it is navigable for ships of 2000 tons., as far as 
the city of Rosario. This magnificent river bears a 
strong resemblance to the famous river Nile, because 
it increases at fixed times, and thereby brings abun- 
dance and wealth to the inhabitants of the land. The 
increasing waters in their onward course detach immense 
masses of vegetation, trees, grasses, rushes ; and an in- 
finite number of other productions of the low lands are 
brought together by the force of the current, and form 
floating islands of different sizes. Innumerable ani- 
mals inhabit these floating islands, being taken by 
surprise and encircled by the waters before they could 
effect their escape, such as tigers, hinds, deer, wild 
pigs, snakes, &c, &c. Great flocks of birds of prey 
collect to satiate themselves with their prize. The 
Islanders in their canoes, soon are at the scene of 
slaughter, and quickly return with their boats laden 
with the prize taken. 

The Parana, in all its extent, divides itself into 
numerous canals that extend more or less into the 



interior of the province, paralel to the river. These 
canals are navigable for vessels of small tonnage to 
different towns and colonies formed on their banks, and 
at present there are several steamers ply'ing between 
Rosario and fifteen of those towns and colonies, whose 
progress is secured by their means. 

The salt river (Salado) ranks next in importance 
to the Parana, it comes from the province of Salta where 
it bears the name of the River of the Oath, on ac- 
count of the solemn declaration made on its banks by 
the Soldiers of the Independence, when they unfurled 
their National Flag. It passes through the Provinces of 
Santiago and Santa-Fe and discharges itself into the 
Parana, opposite the Capital City. Although this 
river bears the name of the salt river, its waters are 
daily and hourly, drank by men and animals. 



CHAPTER III. 



NATURE OF THE SOIL 



The lands of the Province of Santa-Fe, are in 
general very productive ; and especially in the depart- 
ment of the Capital and San Jose, where the slime and 
vegetable matter left on the land, after an inundation 
of its banks by the Parana and its tributaries, constantly 
renew the fertility of its soil, which consists of a layer 
or stratum of black earth ; the most productive of all 
kinds of soil with a depth varying from 31 to 86 cen- 
timetres ; exempt from every kind of fossil. 

The whole province being almost a level plain, it 
retains all the rain that falls on it, and the surplus is 
preserved in the numerous lakes which serve for the 
watering of Cattle, Horses and Sheep. Besides fer- 
tilizing the land and adding to the growth of vegeta- 
tion. The great advantage of the land of Santa-Fe and 
consequently its preference for the breeding of cattle 
and sheep, is the saline properties of its pastures, which 
are so abundant that it is never necessary to employ 
any artificial means to enrich them, nor any expense 
for salt to fatten cattle. 

Water is abundant in all parts of the Province, 
and is easily found by making a round or oblong well, 
about one yard or more in diameter, for the accomo- 
dation of each family, with a depth varying from 2 to 
15 yards, according to the height of the ground above 
the level of the sea. 



— 14 — 

The water thus found is for the most part sweet, 
light in weight, very palatable to drink, and in 
some parts, the more that is drank of it, the more it 
increases the appetite. In other parts it has a very 
slight taste of salt, (to those persons who are accus- 
tomed to sweet water), but nevertheless drank with 
avidity by man and beast. 

This slight description is sufficient to shew the 
riclmess of the soil, the vegetation it produces, the 
cause of that vegetation and fertility. Besidis it is 
very fully and plainly demonstrated in very plain 
language, to the most simple capacity, by the abun- 
dance and variety of its produce in cereals, from its 
numerous colonies with its thousands of herds of cattle, 
and flocks of sheep. 

The chemical analysis effected by Mr. Puiggari 
with virgin soil, and soil cultivated each year for 
fourteen years successively, in the Esperanza Colony, 
with the object of ascertaining how much, cultivation of 
the land impoverishes its nutritive and productive qua- 
lities. The result proved the contrary of the general 
belief, by giving the analysis publicity, and proving 
that the colonies of Santa-Fe required no assistance 
from art whatsoever to increase their fertility. 

In the Province of Santa-Fe there are neither 
mines nor metals, not even one black diamond ; (Coal) 
all the stones the Province contains have been brought 
from England and the Provinces for the building of 
houses and paving of the streets. 



CHAPTER IV. 



CLIMATE 



The climate of the Province of Santa-Fe, like 
that of Buenos Aires and Entre-Rios, is one of the 
most benign, healthy, and temperate climates that can 
be found in any part of the known world. Resemb- 
ling that of Spain, Greece, and Sicily, but superior to 
them on account of the purity of its blue sky, the 
transparency of its atmosphere, and the brilliancy of 
its stars, so notable that they attract the attention of 
all immigrants that retain in their memory the thoughts 
of their home, during a clear calm night. The 
exuberance and richness of the vegetation, especially in 
the north of the Province ; all contribute to make this 
part of the Republic one of the most agreeable and 
healthy places that any man can find, even if that man 
be a misanthropist, his surroundings accompanied by 
pure air and sunshine, tend to rejuvinate the feelings 
of all new arrivals from any of the northern climes of 
Europe. 

There is nothing to equal the purity and beauty 
of the nights in tropical latitudes, and although Santa- 
Fe is only a few degrees from the tropic ; the mildress 
of its temperature, clearness of the atmosphere, and 
the brilliancy of its stars and constellations, give a 
certain undefmable fascination or charm to the summer 
nights, in which man becomes reflective, seeing himself 
soiTounded with the beauties of nature, he gives him- 
self up completely to the enjoyment of life, feeling 
the greatness and power of God. 



CHAPTER V. 
NATURAL PRODUCTS 



We have already said, in various parts of this 
book, that the Province of Santa-Fe is one of the 
richest for the fertility of its soil, and for the abun- 
dance and variety of its vegetable production. But 
although this fertility always existed, it is only within 
the last thirty years that we have acquired that 
knowledge. 

Before 1852 there were only a few solitary cases 
of agriculture by the natives of the Province, who 
sowed a few squares of Maize, in order to procure 
themselves the luxury of enjoying with their food a 
few ears of Indian Corn, besides another favourite dish 
very difficult to find to day, owing to the labour of 
preparing it, that is Indian Corn, deprived of its husks 
and boiled for six hours in milk. 

The entire Province was uncultivated, and without 
boundaries, excepting a solitary post to distinguish one 
man's property from another's, consequently the cattle, 
sheep, and horses could roam over the boundless plains 
;il pleasure, and fatten on the abundance of nature's 
gifts. 

The land, no matter how fertile it may be, will 
no! produce plants, fruits, or vegetables spontaneously. 
What a difference from then to now. 

This Province to-day is actually i^^' richest of all 
the Republic Eor its agriculture, and the great quantity 
of wheal ii produces, being sufficienl tor the consumpt 



— 17 — 

tion of all the Provinces, besides exporting the surplus 
to Europe. All this is exclusively clue to the formation 
of Agricultural Colonies, that to-day number 52, with 
an area of 357,198 square squares. The Province 
being situated in the temperate zone, thereby possesses 
a mild, temperate climate. The abundance of its waters 
produce an exuberant vegetation, particularly in the 
north where there are immense forests of hard wood 
trees, which unite with those of the Gran Chaco, a 
region of thousands of leagues of virgin land, with 
very little population. The timber of those forests is 
so hard, that posts placed in the earth for fifty years, 
show no signs of decay. 

All the trees and vegetables of the temperate zone 
are produced and cultivated in the Province of Santa- 
Fe. In the city and suburbs it is remarkable the abun- 
dance of fruit trees, such as Orange, Peach, and Lemon 
trees. They offer to the beholder's gaze, a lovely sight 
of trees laden with fruit and flowers, besides the air 
being impregnated with the perfume. 

Respecting the cultivation of the silk worm, we 
have to say something of importance which calls 
the attention of all those persons interested in the 
subject. 

Before 1870 the Mulberry-tree was very scarce, 
and the silk-worm and its pod were a curiosity. On the 
3rd of July 1873, the Argentine Congress made a law 
offering a premium of 80$ for every 1000 trees planted, 
of two years grouth ; 40$ for every twenty kilograms 
of silk collected, and 200$ for every 50 kilograms 
woven in the country. In consequence of which law, in 
the year 1875, four colonists presented themselves to 
the National Government, with, 252 kilograms of 
cocoons, and several skeins of silk, of a brilliant golden 
colour, remarkable for its beauty and quality. Besides 
having planted several thousand mulberry trees. 



— 18 — 

Lucem (Alfalfa) a kind of trefoil or clover is 
cultivated in all parts of the Province; there is not a 
colonist, nor a cultivator of the land on the smallest 
scale, that has not some portion of his land sown with 
this valuable plant, either for sale, or for the use of his 
cows, and horses; nevertheless, there has been a surplus 
for exportation as the following will shew. 

Lucern passed through custom-house at Kosario. 

Year Kilograms Official value 



1876 2.311,688 57,815 $ 

1878 1.546,500 25,857 " 

1880 8.419,245 175,257 " 

These cyphers shew what the cultivation of Lucern 
is coming to; it is cut every two or three months 
according to the quantity of rain that falls; when cul- 
tivated on a large scale it is cut by machinery, then 
dried in the sun for a few davs, and afterwards stacked, 
where it remains until required for use or for sale; 
lastly, it is cut from the stack, weighed, baled, and 
shipped to Europe at so much a ton. 



RICE 

It is only recently that the cultivation of rice has 
been attempted on a small scale, in the Islands of the 
Parana; these Islands are marvelously situated for this 
class of culture, owing to the annual increase of the 
River which supplies the necessary quantity of water 
and moisture, for the growth and ripening of this 
tropical grain in the best condition. The rice was 
sown by Mr. Edward Haynes, an Englishman, living 
in the City of Kosario, for which lie received a premium 
al the Exposition. 

[f some intelligent immigrants would only dedicate 
themselves to the cultivation of rice, they would soon 



19 



enrich themselves, and give to the country another 
article of commerce. 



HONEY 

Thirty years ago, Beehives were unknown in this 
Province. Since then they have been at short intervals 
introduced, and as honey has become an article of com- 
merce, we will dedicate a few lines on its cultivation. 

The Bee reproduces admirably in all the Province, 
and as flowers are so abundant of which it manufactures 
its honey, it very soon fills its honey-comb and pro-' 
duces large quantities of it, besides the wax winch is 
very white, and sought for eagerly. The bee requires 
care during the cold weather, and when the new brood 
leave to form another hive. 

Some few persons that have adopted this specu- 
lation, are rapidly making a fortune. The honey col- 
lected in one of the Islands, opposite Rosario, obtained 
the second prize with bronze medal in the Argentine 
Rural Exposition in Buenos Aires in 1881. 



In 1880 the honey collected weighed 75,683 kilo- 
grams, the official value of which amounted to 15,906 
$; this weight of honey passed through the Custoin- 
Hoase for exportation. 



CHAPTER VI. 
ZOOLOGY 



As the design of this work, is easily understood 
we will not treat here of a distinct description of the 
Fauna of the Province. We leave that to more com- 
petent gentlemen in the prolix study of nature, in its 
most abstruse secrets. 

Therefore following the programme established by 
the Commission of the Continental Exposition, we will 
only occupy ourselves with such animals as are well 
known by man, as the most useful, and productive to 
his ease, wealth, and comfort. 

The level plains of Santa-Fe are joined to those 
of Buenos Aires and Cordoba without any geogra- 
phical distinction or division whatsoever. On the 
North, the limits are the Gran Cliaco and the Province 
of Santiago, these limits are purely ideal and imagi- 
nary, for no real boundary has been agreed to. These 
regions are nothing more than a continuation of the 
Flora and Fauna of the Province. 

The animals of Santa-Fe therefore are the same as 
those ef the neighbouring Provinces, and if we speak 
or treat of the domestic animals, they are the same in 
all the temperate zone. 

Domestic Animals 

Bovine Species. - Before the conquest of America 
by the Spaniards, there is no account of the existence 



— 21 — 

of any of this class of which we are going to occupy 
ourselves. 

Ruy Diaz Malgarejo in an expedition he made in 
1553 from the Portuguese Colony of San Vicente to 
Asuncion, the Capital of Paraguay. He was accom- 
panied hy two brothers of the name of Scipion and 
Vicente Goes, who drove before them, with great 
trouble and labour, seven Cows and one Bull, principal 
and origin of the millions of cattle on both sides of the 
River Plate. 

Such an increase can only be accounted for and 
explained by the unlimited extent of the plains, the 
abundance of pasture, water at discretion, voluntary 
will to roam as they pleased, and a climate the most 
propitious probably of any in the world. 

The cattle are bred in large Estancias or Estates, 
varying from one to one hundred square leagues, in 
different parts of which pastors or care takers are 
located with a certain number of cattle to mind and 
care for, say on an average from 1500 to 3000, all the 
caretakers have an overseer appointed over them, and 
he is to give his accounts verbal and written to the 
Superintenclant, who passes them to the Owner, who 
generally lives in the City although having usually a 
handsome dwelling house on his estate. It is a rare 
thing to find any man living in the country, who is not 
the possessor of some number of cattle ; those who 
have not, is solely owing to the consequence of their 
bad conduct or vices such as gambling, drunkenness, 
&c., &c. 

Every man who dedicates hinself to the breeding 
of cattle, is sure to do well. The cows of this Pro- 
vince are the same as those of other countries, fine 
breeds are scarce. It is only of late years that foreign 



— 22 — 

blood has been imported to the country with the object 
of increasing the size, refining, &c. &c. 

In countries like this where public roads are scarce, 
and the means of communication difficult, in conse- 
quence of the great distances to be traversed, the 
Bullock is the means adopted. Immense troops of 
carts drawn by 6, 8, or 10 of these animals yoked 
together every two, cross the whole extent of this 
Province, principally in harvest time, and through 
their means, all the produce of the harvest is conveyed 
to the different ports. In the cultivation of the 
land the Ox is constantly employed, and renders so 
much service in ploughing and harrowing the land, 
that the agriculturer cannot do without him. 

Although it appears strange, it is nevertheless 
true, that the country being possessed of millions of 
Cows, there has been no milk for sale due to the little 
care of utilizing the animal by training. But now all 
this is different, since the foreigner has come to live 
amongst us, he has been accustomed to the use of milk 
butter and cheese, and now this branch of industry is 
open to commerce. 

The great abundance of cattle in the country has 
placed at the disposal of its inhabitants the principal 
staple of life — beef, either roasted or boiled with vege- 
tables it being understood only of the poorer class. 
The advance made in agriculture lately, has greatly 
modified this regimen, making the consumption of ve- 
getables general, besides bread, &c, &c. 

Cattle in the Colonies, in 1880 

Tame Bullocks 32,853 

Milchs Cows 78,923 

Cows on Pasture 209,165 



Total 320,941 



— 23 — 

In the year 1882. Taking into account the great 
progress made in the breeding, and refining of cattle in 
this Province, the great increase, in number and 
advance in price, leaves the Province at present with 
2.000,000 at $8 per head equal to $16,000,000. 

Sheep 

In all the world there is no country has as many 
Sheep as the Argentine Republic, as the following 
will show. 

Year Nation Millions 

* 1875 Argentine Republic... 57.000,000 

* The number of sheep at present in the Argentine Republic is over 
80.000,000. 

1870 Russia 46.000,000 

1873 France 25.000,000 

1865 Spain 22.000,090 

1873 Prussia 19.000,000 

1873 Hungary 15.000,000 

This enormous number shews that this Republic- 
is the best and most suitable country of any to be found 
for the breeding of Sheep. 

During the las thirty five years, Gentlemen have 
devoted themselves to the refining and improving the 
breed, by importing from England, France, Spain, 
Germany and Ireland, with the very best result. It is 
the most lucrative investment for the capitalist, or any 
person with moderate means ; always giving a clear 
percentage, of from thirty to forty per annum. 

Horses 

The Argentine Republic is the second best coun- 
try in the world for the horse, their number attracts the 
attention of all persons who arrive in this country. 



— 24 — 

The natives are excellent horsemen, if not the 
best, they are second to none. Every man living in 
the country has his horses, no matter how poor he may 
be otherwise, but everyman having a house of his own 
in the country, has from ten to thirty riding horses for 
his own use, and that of his family, besides breeding 
Mares. 

In point of number we are far in advance of any 
of the European Nations, except Russia, but, we can- 
not say so much for the quality, as good horses are not 
so numerous with us as they are in England. 

The cause of this rare phenomenon, is the great 
abundance which produces carelessness in the treatment 
and breeding of this noble animal. It is a common 
practice to ride a horse without baiting on the road 100 
miles in a day, and return on the same horse the 
following day. 

In the year 1875 there were 250 thousand horses 
in the Province, and 95,000 in the Colonies. 

Lately a good many foreign blood-horses have 
been imported into the country. 

Ass and Mule 

The Ass and Mule are to be found here, but not 
in proportion to the horse. There are 1709 of the 
former and 4000 of the latter, those animals especially 
the Mule are very valuable in mountainous countries 
on account of their being more surefooted than the horse, 
and the passage across the Andes can only be per- 
formed by the aid of the mule; they are likewise of 
great use to the Miller for his Mill, &c, &C. 

Dining the last 15 years there lias been imported 
from Spain to here, some very large breeds of Mules, 
and in a few years we will have a better and larger 



— 25 — 

breed, at present there is a moderate business done in 
shipping them from here to the West-Indies. 

Pigs 

Pigs were very rare in former times, now they 
are abundant, oweing to the care given to them by the 
foreign population, who have been accustomed to ham 
and corned pork in their own countries. The folio wing- 
table shews the number of Pigs in the Colonies alone. 

Year Number 



1872 5,457 Pigs 

1874 6,988 " 

1876 9,103 " 

1880 ,. 23,598 " 

The industry of preserving hams and bacon is very 
little practiced. There is not a slaughterhouse for 
preserving and curing pork in all the Republic, except 
on a very small scale by private individuals. Any person 
with a moderate capital entering this business, would 
realize a fortune in a few years. Some persons have 
tried the experiment of fattening and selling, which 
has given a very good result. 

In this, like other branches of industry, there is a 
scarcity of hands. 



CHAPTER VII. 



TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT 



We have already said in the early part of this 
book, that the exact superficial measurement of this 
Province is not known, but, taking as a base, the plan 
and map of the Topographical Department, the result 
gives 3650 square leagues. It is divided into four De- 
partments which are named in proportion to their size, 
the largest taking precedence. 

Department of Santa-Fe or the capital. 
" " Rosario 

" " San Gerdnimo 

" " San Jose 

Department of the Capital, 2200 square leagues. 

It is bounded on the North by the Gran-Chaco; 
on the West by Cordoba and Santiago; on the South 
by the Department of Coronado; and on the East by 
the River Parana. 

Department of Rosario, 740 square leagues. 

This Department is the most important of the 
Province for its riches and population. Tt is bounded 
on the South, by the Province of Buenos Aires; on the 
West by Cordoba; on the North by the River Carca- 
r;ina, and on the East by the River Parana. 

The Department of San Geronimo is 540 Square 
Leagues, hounded on the South by the River Carca- 
rafia; on the East by the River Parana; on the North 



27 



by the Department of the Capital ; and on the West by 
the River Tortugas. 

Department of San Jose, 210 Square Leagues. 

Bounded on the East by the River Parana ; on the 
North by the King's River that seperates it from the 
Gran Chaco; on the West by the Department of the 
Capital ; and on the South by different branches of the 
Parana. 

This is the smallest Department, and is the least 
populated of the Province. 

Departments Private Property Government Property 

Square Leagues Square Leagues 

Capital 1740 460 

Rosario 740 000 

San Gerdnimo. ■ 500 000 

San Jose 210 000 



3190 



460 



Astronomical Position 

Meridian of Greenwich 

Place Lat. Long. 

City of Rosario 32° 55' 60° 30' 50" 

City of Santa-Fe 31° 38' 34" 60° 39' 40" 

Mouth of Salado 31° 38' 34" 60° 39' 48" 

City of Parana 30° 42' 54" 60° 32' 39" 

Mouth of King River. 29° 12' 3" 59° 35' 26 

Value of the lands 

Before the year 1853, the lands of the Province 
had no nominal value. If any person wanted land to 
rent, and asked the owner for such, the owner would 
feel insulted, and consider himself demeaned by ac- 
cepting rent, but, would cheerfully give it to him, for 



— 28 — 

nothing, for any number of years that lie chose to 
remain. Since then, lands have improved in value 
each year, owing to increase of population and inmi- 
gration. 

The best manner to judge of the value of these 
lands, is to study the Government Valuation tax of the 
different Departments. The owners of which lands 
having to pay 4$ on every 1000$ valuation. In the De- 
partment of Rosario the lands are valued at from 9,000 
to 20,000 $ the square league. 

In the Department of the Capital, the Government 
Valuation of land is from 6,000 to 10,000 $ the square 
league. 

In the Department of San Gerdnimo, the valuation 
is from 7,000 to 12,000$ the square league. In the 
Department of San Jose, the valuation is from 4,000 
to 6,000$ the square league. Those are the general 
prices of land. 

The lands, for Farms in the Colonies, have diffe- 
rent prices, varying from 50 to 200$ and in some 
places 300$ for 20 Square squares. Besides the 
Government gives land to any person who will apply 
for it, on condition that he cultivates it. 

There are several Companies besides, who give 
land, seed, implements for cultivation, horses, and 
bullocks to work the land with, on conditions that they 
shall be paid by yearly instalments, during five year's. 
Any man able or willing to work, lias every facility 
given I iii n to make his own living, and a moderate 
amount of riches after a. few years. 

The nearer the lands are to a City they are natu- 
rally more valuable, and this value depends on their 
position, their quality, and the nature of the soil. There 



— 29 — 

are various prices, varying from 100 to 150$ the 
square. 

In the City, building lots are sold at different 
prices, according to their locality ,for instance, a build- 
ing lot, 50 yards in front, by 70 in length, is sold at 
from 100 to 200 hard dollards the yard frontage, and 
some are worth from 400 to 500 $. 

Property that some years past was unnoticed, to 
day is sought after by many, it is becoming more va- 
luable each year, and speculators in land are making 
rapid fortunes. 

As a simple proof amongst many, of the extraor- 
dinary advance in the value of land. There was sold in 
1854 a lot of 160 squares for the sum of 400$ and 
last year the very same lot was resold for 80 $ the 
square which amounted to 12,800 $. This is entirely 
due to the increase of population, agriculture, and 
breeding of cattle. 



Acquisition of Land 

There is no country in the world that presents to 
the foreigner greater facilities for the acquisition of 
land, than the Argentine Republic. And the Province 
of Santa-Fe, in this respect, is the most liberal. 

The Constitution recognizes the right of every 
foreigner to hold and possess property in his own name; 
to buy, sell, or exchange goods of every class without 
the obligation of taking the right of citizenship, which 
gives him the same rights as the native born ; nor is 
he required to take up arms in defence of the country, 
except he wishes to do so of his own voluntary will. 
The Government is far more liberal towards foreigners 
than any other in any part of the world, even in the 
United States, a foreigner cannot hold property or carry 



— 30 — 

on business in his own name, without having taken 
out a ticket or document of citizen-ship, or receiving 
from some person who has done so his ticket, license, 
or authority to practice such art, profession or calling. 
Consequently the Government of the Argentine Re- 
public, is far more liberal to foreigners than any other 
without exception ; giving him untrammelled liberty of 
action, without any of the obligations or restrictions of 
the native born, always understood that he obeys the 
laws. 

Laivs of the Province of tianta-Fe\ on the granting of 
land gratis , made on the. 24th of July in the 
year 1864. 

Art. 1st. Authorize the Executive Power to give 
gratis, to all immigrants, building lots of Government 
land, in the suburbs of the capital. 

Art. 2nd. The grants referred to in the first 
article are purely intended for those persons who have 
no other resource or means for their subsistence but 
their manual labour. 



Law of September the 18th, 1865 

Art. 1st. Authorize the Executive Power to dis- 
tribute 10 leagues of land, Government Property, 
between the Chief Officers, and Soldiers who fought in 
the war at Paraguay. 

Art. 2nd. All persons who receive grants of land 
gratis, are bound to build on such grants, a dwelling 
douse for bis own use within 12 montht from time of 
receivinc' if. 



31 — 



Law of October the 6th. 1876. 

Art. 85. The first 100 Colonists of each section, 
being the Father of a family and a labourer, shall 
receive gratis from the Government one lot of 100 
hectares. 

Art. 86. Whatever lots are left ; let them be sold 
at the rate of $2 (10 Francs) the Hectare, payable 
in ten years, the first payment to be made at the end of 
the second year. 

Art. 88. Each Colonist to have the following 
rights and benefits : — 

1st. His passage to be paid from the place he 
embarks to the place of his destination. 

2nd. To be given to him in advance and as a loan 
for five years, a house to live in, food for his mainte- 
nance, animals to plough and harrow the land, breed- 
ing animals, seed and all necessary implements for the 
cultivation of the land. 

3rd. The total amount of this loan shall not exceed 
1000$ (or 5000 Francs) for each Colonist, and to be 
repaid in five years, in the following manner. The 
first payment to be made at the end of the third year ; 
the second payment at the end of the fourth year ; and 
the last payment at the termination of the fifth year ; 
from thence forward he is owner of the land and every 
thing on it. 

It is very easy to see that this law is very liberal 
and good, facilitating to the labourer everything he 
wants, with long credit and sure means of payment, 
besides being exempt from the payment of any tax for 

three years. 



— 32 — 

It is purely owing to those liberal laws, that this 
Province has outstripped all the other Provinces, 
excepting Buenos Aires in population, produce, and 
riches. 



Properties and Owners 

The greater the number of land-owners in relation 
to the tenants and population, the more prosperous the 
people will be, both socially and economically, for 
example. Look at Ireland, possessed by a few dozens 
of Gentlemen, it is giving to the world the most 
melancholy example, of a virtuous and industrious po- 
pulation driven to desperation by the tyranny of a few 
hard, merciless land-lords, sustained in their inhuman 
conduct by Government. What a difference there is in 
the conduct and treatment given to Irish people in the 
United States, and Argentine Republic, where they are 
welcomed with joy, housed, and maintained by the 
Government, all their expenses paid until they are 
settled in a farm of their own. 

The tenant in Ireland, Scotland, and many parts 
of England, is not much better than a dissimulated 
species of slave, who works for his master, very often 
without a hope of bettering his condition ; the logical 
consequence is evident, pauperism is produced, it 
extends, it becomes a filthy ulcer, revolting in appear- 
ance, spreading through a country until at last it 
destroys the very country that produced it. From 
si id i are produced Communists, Nihilists Fenians, 
International and Agrarian Societies, who are a living 
protest against injustice leagued with power, in driving 
thou to desperation, depriving them of their birthright, 
and forcing them to sever all natural ties of family and 
love of country, and emigrate to some foreign Kingdom 
or Republic to seek for themselves, that peace which 
they could never have at home. 



_ 33 — 

The Argentine Republic fortunately is in a very 
different position. Owing to its great extent of 
country, its temperate climate without extremes of heat 
or cold ; the liberality of its Government who treat the 
newly arrived immigrant just as the native born on its 
soil ; its laws, so just and liberal to all its subjects ; its 
people remarkably polite and hospitable. All these 
advantages point it out to be one of the best countries 
in all the world for the immigrant, the man of mode- 
rate means, or the capitalist, to realize a fortune in a 
very few vears. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



RIVERS & PORTS 



The greater the number of roads and canals lead- 
ing to a City or Town, the faster commerce advances. 
If those means offer every available facility for loading 
and unloading ships of different sizes and tonnage; 
they will prove the principal elements of prosperity, and 
rapidly advance towards being classed one of the 
principal cities for commerce amongst the nations of 
the earth. Such is the future destiny of the City of 
Rosario, in the Province of Santa- Fe. 

hi the year 1852 there was not one steamer in the 
River Plate or Parana. The distance had to be accom- 
plished either on land or water from the Capital. To do 
so on land, the only available means was on horseback, 
which was the general way in which the distance was 
overcome, or otherwise trust yourself to the care of the 
Captain and crew of some Schooner or Brigg, and if 
not available, some open boat, to convey you to your 
destination, which always lasted from eight to nine 
days in making the voyage, a distance of 82 leagues 

The following year, the inhabitants of the City of 
Rosario, held a grand meeting on the banks of the river 
to contemplate with pride and wonder the arrival of 
the first steamer that ever sailed on the waters of the 
Parana, bearing the name of the River Paraguay, and 
the next thai followed was the Menay which made her 
voyage in three days sometimes. I>ut like the first, 
something was always wrong, the machinery was out 



— 35 — 

of order, the boiler was heated too much, ultimately 
the tubes brust, and different times during the voyage 
it was necessary to stop several hours each day to cool 
the boiler and tubes, and in addition to the list of delays 
we must add so many hours daily, for oiling the machi- 
nery, and then with all these mishaps, it was looked 
upon as a wonderful progress. 

The Province of Santa-Fe has one of the best 
Ports in all the Republic. The Port of Rosario in 
which during the whole year, the largest ships from 
Europe can approach to within ten yards of the firm 
land, and discharge their cargo with facility, without 
the aid of any boats, by means of a floating-stage from 
the ship to the firm bank. 

This Port, besides its accomodations and shelter 
for shipping, has the advantage of being the point* where 
all merchandize from Europe has to be discharged, to 
be transmitted from there by railway, to the interior of 
the other Provinces. And all passengers from the 
other Provinces going to Europe have to embark there. 
Consequently it possesses the greatest business in a 
commercial point of view, of all the Provinces collec- 
tively, excepting only Buenos Ayres. 

Some years since, the President of the Republic 
destined one million of hard dollars for the construction 
of large wharfs and deposits, but nothing was done 
until this present month, when the work was com- 
menced, and now is in progress. Official value of the 
Merchandize imported to, and exported from the port 
of Rosario, during the last 2 years. 

Imported Exported Total 

11.118,767$ in 1880. 12.429,444 in 1880. 23.548,200 
13.782,127$ in 1881. 13.950,363 " « 27.732,490 



RAILWAYS 



The observations we made, when speaking of the 
territory of the Argentine Republic, shows that it is 
one of the most appropiate, if not the best and cheapest 
for making railways, in consequence of the land being- 
level, having nether rocks, nor stones to be exploded 
by dynamite; and from the abundance of hard wood 
for sleepers and fuel. 

Cost of the principal Argentine Railways per Mile 
in Pounds Sterling. 

Rosario to Cordoba £ 6,400 

From the Western to Chacarite 6,000 

" Villa Maria to 4th River 5,200 

" Cordoba to Tucuman 4,500 

4 4 Southern to Flores 4,500 

44 Western to Lobos 4,200 

The above shews that the cost of the principal 
railways in the Argentine Republic vary from 4000 to 
6000 £ per mile, when in Europe it is seldom less than 
double, and in many eases four times that amount. 



Lineal Measure 

Metres 
1 League equal to... 5196 
1 Square " " ... 129.1) decimal 

1 Yard " " ... 0.866 

1 Foot " " ... 0.28&6 

1 Inch " " ... 0.0240") 



— 37 — 



Square Measure 

Square Metres 
1 Square league equal to ... 12.998,410 
1 Square " " " ... 16,870.009 Decimal 

1 Yard " " " ... 0.749.956 



Current Money in Use 

S D S D 

Hard dollar worth from.. 4 to 4 2 

Bolivian " " " ... 3 6 " 3 8 



ajv 



160 
1C 

1 

120 

4 

104 



PLAN 1st. 



Shewing the No. of Edifices, Animals, Steam-power and Vehicles in the Colonies 



COLONIES 


EDIFICES 






A 


N I M A £ S 








MACHINES and INSTRUMENTS 


VKHICI.ES 


NAMES 


1 


t 

8 

£ 


j 


is 

1 


j 

I 


j 


i 

1 


1 
j 


i 


1 

t 


i 


|1 


' 


S 


I 


j 


u 


h 


J 


-- 
]{ 


j 

1 




C 

I 
1 


1 


1 

I 


h 




] 


1 
1 


i 

•s 

i 
1 






Good Hopo 


17 


882 


48 


120 


16 


91 


680 


1520 


2750 


98 


1500 


1954 


1306 


1600 


27.34 


13572 


8 




5 


4 


100 


2 1 


4.50 


508 


714 


ISO!) 


48 


[89 


2.5(1 
15 


7S7 


St, Ohorlos 


14 


14-2 


40 


280 


8 


30 


614 


2700 


3000 




2500 


5250 


50 


100 


1500 












0)0 


50 


225 


.502 


900 


23.5 1 


261 1 




St. Gcromo 


7 


.'il 




212 


2 


35 


406 


700 


1400 


25 


2150 


3050 


170 


14 


1300 


881)0 










170 


On 


230 


2511 


360 


1071 


9 


232 


Inn 


311 


St. Ali^UBtin 




1.5 


00 


105 


7 


50 


350 


2IKIO 


1300 


45 


250 


450 


150 


1200 


450 




"2 




3 




195 






725 


740 


2410 


11 


360 


25 


300 


l'ranclt 




Id. 


30 


78 


2 


6 


131 


650 


830 






1500 






500 




1 












120 


175 




560 


1.5(1 




153 


'i'lio Cactus 




14 


49 


42 






111 




300 




3S6 


564 


105 


j 45 


248 


2050 


3 




2 




54 






170 


1-0 


133 








1114 


Tiio Column 




2 




200 


"s 


25 


310 


L500 


1300 




30.5.5 


10100 


2950 


1045 


050 


211900 










128 




165 


370 


400 


1(100 




213 


01 


307 


St, Mary 


3 


1 


88 


172 




11 


275 


1312 


845 


110 


1831 


14809 


2030 




815 


21752 








2 


168 11 


[37 




300 


841 




101 


1 10 


312 


Humboldt 

Small Humboldt . 


1 


17 


100 


[60 







277 


470 


800 


15 


200 


1000 


100 




500 


3085 


2 




1 


1 


60 ... 


150 


3.50 


350 


014 


12 


[50 




102 








14 






28 




150 




100 


300 


23 




50 


061 












30 




30 


111 




23 




23 


Cavonr (P. M.) ... 








100 




10 


181 


300 


005 


30 


400 


450 


150 


"450 


500 


2SS5 






1 




40 


.30 


50 




150 






|.3ii 


"211 


172 


Matilda 

St. Josopl 






145 


65 




4 


218 


1080 


750 


8 


1210 


1500 




20 


400 


5058 










79 


10 


60 


300 




774 




on 


00 


151 


1 




27 


1 in 




16 


154 


200 


210 




241 


1310 


185 


560 


63 


2865 














33 


63 


142 


256 


4 


70 


21' 


9(1 


Hivinluviu (Oral.)... 




1 


20 








02 


150 






80 


450 


50 


3 














10 


3 






30 






150 




150 


Now Colony 






10 










250 


260 


2 


85 




48 




OS 


1011 










10 




25 


3.5 


35 


III 




IS 




18 


Now Torino 








4 






82 


410 


205 




210 


1500 




800 


140 


3325 










18 




15 


110 


124 


207 


1 


45 


"io 


50 


Folioia 




"l 




5 






(it 


204 


310 




030 


3 LOO 


150 


300 




4819 










10 




5 


69 


78 




3 


33 


10 


40 








80 


40 








200 


120 


5 




560 


150 


10 


SO 


1185 










18 


\ 


30 


00 




I7ii 




25 




25 


pSJSi ' 




...° 


20 


00 
10 




"8 


93 
30 


240 
150 


308 


24 


754 

50 


1300 
14 






30 


2743 


"i 






1 


15 

... 




80 
16 


11.5 
30 


156 
36 


378 
82 




16 


".'in 


1(17 
111 






III 


60 


74 


"2 


"l2 


150 


350 


300 


8 


1000 






1200 




3858 










12 






80 


200 


295 




On 


"70 


123 


i':'"u'i l;| " 




2(1 
6 


84 

20 


31 
6 




22 


113 


86 


380 


'■• 


234 
450 


480 
2900 


236 


'"50 


520 
106 


1936 
4136 










9 


4 


8 


81 


140 
60 


211 


"l 


20 


20 


00 
27 


Sun .Tuul.i 






25 


10 




2 




160 


90 


1 


200 


188S 


85 


100 


60 














... 


S 


9 


10 


27 




1 


9 


13 






"V 




28 




23 






280 


5 


84 


S7 






181 


851 










4 




on 


70 


212 






00 






Cuodlomns 








4 


35 


208 


412 


5000 


1000 




1200 


6200 


400 


2500 


2000 


17470 


IS 








730 


15 


65 


700 


1100 


2020 


2.5 


250 


190 


1.05 


JOBUB Mary 


12 




"90 


150 


12 


160 




180(1 


430 




630 


2800 


570 


500 


900 


70iiii 


10 










10 






600 


1 28 1 


9 


160 


40 




Uoldun 


20 


70 


44 


04 


18 


330 


655 


775 


914 




2000 


7230 


910 


20070 


597 


39438 


4 






"i 


28 


13 




228 


278 


559 


23 




80 


103 






1 




4 


2 


2 


102 


064 


251 


5 


176 




103 


1120 


54 


2748 










22 








111! 


227 


3 


29 






Ouroovaita 


io 


28 


69 


40 


5 


15 


107 


1170 


1070 




600 


1 )0 


300 


36850 


1050 




30 








00 


31 




2211 


400 


703 


9 


60 


20 


SO 


[viondo 


10 


GO 




102 




38 


403 


650 


1104 


108 


2150 


Hull 


L0504 


17000 


730 


76650 










2S 


12 


18 


800 


400 


702 


10 


72 


1 'ii 


2H2 


San Urbano 


7 


20 


136 


126 






200 


450 




00 


2800 








90O 


02110 










7 




12 




400 


479 






31. 


.50 


Toodolina 




7li 




20 


4 




100 


230 


45 




ISO 


S750 


8600 


4350 




IS 130 
















5 


120 


127 






20 


31 


Olodomira 








121 


5 


2 




648 




Hi 


494 


692 




lou 


127 








... 








"lis 


[80 




418 


14 


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mi\ w 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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